Hans Walter Conrad Veidt (22 January 1893 - 3 April 1943) was a German actor best remembered for his roles in films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), The Man Who Laughs (1928), and, after being forced to migrate to Britain by the rise of Nazism in Germany, his English-speaking roles in The Thief of Bagdad (1940), and, in Hollywood, Casablanca (1942). After a successful career in German silent film, where he was one of the best-paid stars of Ufa, he left Germany in 1933 with his new Jewish wife after the Nazis came to power. They settled in Britain, where he participated in a number of films before emigrating to the United States around 1941.

Early life

Veidt was born in a bourgeois district of Berlin, Germany, the son of Amalie Marie (née Gohtz) and Phillip Heinrich Veidt. (Some biographies wrongly state that he was born in Potsdam, probably on the basis of an early claim on his part.) His family was Lutheran.

In 1914, Veidt met actress Lucie Mannheim, with whom he began a relationship. Later in the year Veidt was conscripted into the German Army during World War I. In 1915, he was sent to the Eastern Front as a non-commissioned officer and took part in the Battle of Warsaw. He contracted jaundice and pneumonia, and had to be evacuated to a hospital on the Baltic Sea. While recuperating, he received a letter from Mannheim telling him that she had found work at a theatre in Libau. Intrigued, Veidt applied for the theatre as well. As his condition had not improved, the army allowed him to join the theatre so that he could entertain the troops. While performing at the theatre, he ended his relationship with Mannheim. In late 1916, he was reexamined by the Army and deemed unfit for service; he was given a full discharge in January 1917. Veidt returned to Berlin to pursue his acting career.

Career

From 1916 until his death, Veidt appeared in more than 100 films. One of his earliest performances was as the murderous somnambulist Cesare in director Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), a classic of German Expressionist cinema, with Werner Krauss and Lil Dagover. His starring role in The Man Who Laughs (1928), as a disfigured circus performer whose face is cut into a permanent grin, provided the inspiration for the Batman villain the Joker, created in 1940 by Bill Finger. Veidt also starred in other silent horror films such as The Hands of Orlac (1924), another film directed by Robert Wiene, The Student of Prague (1926) and Waxworks (1924) where he played Ivan the Terrible.

Veidt also appeared in Magnus Hirschfeld's film Anders als die Andern (Different from the Others, 1919). He had a leading role in Germany's first talking picture, Das Land ohne Frauen (Land Without Women, 1929).

He moved to Hollywood in the late 1920s and made a few films, but the advent of talking pictures and his difficulty with speaking English led him to return to Germany. During this period he lent his expertise to tutor aspiring performers, one of whom was the later American character actress Lisa Golm.

Emigration

Veidt fervently opposed the Nazi regime and donated a major portion of his personal fortune to Britain to assist in the war effort. Soon after the Nazi Party took power in Germany, by March 1933 Joseph Goebbels purged the film industry of liberals and Jews.

In 1933, a week after Veidt's marriage to Ilona Prager, a Jewish woman, the couple migrated to Britain before any action could be taken against either of them. Goebbels imposed a "racial questionnaire" in which everyone employed in the German film industry had to declare their "race" in order to continue to work. When Veidt was filling in the questionnaire, he answered the question about what his Rasse (race) was by writing that he was a Jude (Jew). Veidt was not Jewish, but his wife was Jewish, and Veidt would not renounce the woman he loved. As one of Germany's most popular actors, Veidt had already been informed that if he was prepared to divorce his wife and declare his support for the new regime, he could continue to act in Germany. Several other leading actors been opposed to the Nazis before 1933 like Heinrich George, an ardent Communist under the Weimar Republic who joined the NSDAP in 1933 and the openly gay Gustaf Gründgens who also declared his support for the new order continued to be major film stars under the Nazi regime. Thus if Veidt was prepared to divorce his wife and come out in support of the National Socialist regime, he could have remained a film star in Germany as George and Gründgens did. By answering the questionnaire by stating he was a Jew, Veidt rendered himself unemployable in Germany, but stated this sacrifice was worth it as there was nothing in the world that would compel him to break with his wife.

After arriving in Britain, he perfected his English and starred in the title role of the original anti-Nazi version of Lion Feuchtwanger's novel, Jew Süss (1934) directed by German-born US director Lothar Mendes and produced by Sir Alexander Korda for Sir Michael Balcon's Denham Studio. He became a British citizen by 1938. By this point multi-lingual, Veidt made films in both French with expatriate French directors and in English, including three of his best-known roles for British director Michael Powell in The Spy in Black (1939), Contraband (1940) and The Thief of Bagdad (1940).

Later career in the US

By 1941, he and Ilona had moved to Hollywood, California to assist in the British effort in making American films that might persuade the then-neutral and still isolationist US to come to Britain's aid against the Nazis, who had conquered all of continental Europe and were bombing England at the time. Before leaving the United Kingdom, Veidt gave his life savings to the British government to help finance the war effort. Realizing that Hollywood would most likely typecast him in Nazi roles, he had his contract mandate that they must always be villains.

He starred in a few films, such as George Cukor's A Woman's Face (1941) where he received billing just under Joan Crawford's and Nazi Agent (1942), in which he had a dual role as both an aristocratic German Nazi spy and as the man's twin brother, an anti-Nazi American. His best-known Hollywood role was as Major Heinrich Strasser in Casablanca (1942), a film which was written and began pre-production before the United States entered the war.

In 1943, at the age of fifty, he died of a massive heart attack while playing golf at the Riviera Country Club in Los Angeles. In 1998, his ashes were placed in a niche of the columbarium at the Golders Green Crematorium in north London.

Personal life

Conrad Veidt married three times: he first married Augusta Holl, a cabaret entertainer known as "Gussy", on 18 June 1918. They divorced the following autumn. Gussy later married German actor Emil Jannings.

Veidt's second wife Felicitas Radke was from an aristocratic German family; they married in 1923. Their daughter, Vera Viola Maria, called Viola, was born on 10 August 1925.

He last married Ilona Prager, a Hungarian Jew called Lily, in 1933; they were together until his death.

He lent his considerable fortune to the British Government and donated large amounts of his film salaries to help with the British war effort.

Selected filmography

• Fear (1917)
• The Story of Dida Ibsen (1918)
• The Mystery of Bangalore (1918)
• Around the World in Eighty Days (1919)
• Madness (1919)
• Nocturne of Love (1919)
• Uncanny Stories (Unheimliche Geschichten) (1919)
• Different from the Others (Anders als die Andern) (1919)
• The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari) (1920)
• The Head of Janus (Der Januskopf) (1920)
• Longing (Sehnsucht) (1920)
• Figures of the Night (1920)
• The Count of Cagliostro (1920)
• Evening - Night - Morning (Abend - Nacht - Morgen) (1920)
• Lady Hamilton (1921)
• The Secret of Bombay (1921)
• The Love Affairs of Hector Dalmore (1921)
• Lucrezia Borgia (1922)
• The Indian Tomb (Das indische Grabmal) (1921-22)
• William Tell (1923)
• The Hands of Orlac (Orlacs Hände) (1924)
• Carlos and Elisabeth (1924)
• Waxworks (Das Wachsfigurenkabinett) (1924)
• Count Kostia (1925)
• Destiny (1925)
• The Fiddler of Florence (1926)
• Should We Be Silent? (1926)
• The Flight in the Night (1926)
• The Student of Prague (Der Student von Prag) (1926)
• The Beloved Rogue (1927)
• A Man's Past (1927)
• Gesetze der Liebe (1927)
• The Last Performance (1927)
• The Man Who Laughs (1928)
• Land Without Women (1929)
• The Last Company (1930)
• Menschen im Käfig (1930)
• The Great Longing (1930)
• The Man Who Murdered (1931)
• Die Nacht der Entscheidung (1931)
• The Congress Dances (Der Kongreß tanzt) (1931)
• The Other Side (1931)
• Rasputin, Dämon der Frauen (1932)
• The Black Hussar (1932)
• Rome Express (1932)
• Ich und die Kaiserin (1933)
• F.P.1 (1933)
• I Was a Spy (1933)
• The Eternal Jew (1934) - not to be confused with the Nazi-produced, 1940 anti-semitic film of the same name.
• William Tell (1934)
• Bella Donna (1934)
• Jew Suss (1934) - not to be confused with the 1940 Nazi German anti-semitic Jud Süß
• King of the Damned (1935)
• The Passing of the Third Floor Back (1935)
• Dark Journey (1937)
• Under the Red Robe (1937)
• Le joueur d'échecs (1938)
• Tempête sur l'Asie (1938)
• A People Eternal (1939)
• The Spy in Black (1939)
• Contraband (1940)
• Escape (1940)
• The Thief of Bagdad (1940)
• A Woman's Face (1941)
• Whistling in the Dark (1941)
• The Men in Her Life (1941)
• All Through the Night (1941)
• Nazi Agent (1942)
• Casablanca (1942)
• Above Suspicion (1943)

[ Source: Wikipedia ]