Youth and education

Redgrave was born in Bristol, England, the son of the silent film actor Roy Redgrave and actress Margaret Scudamore. He never knew his father, who left when he was only six months old to pursue a career in Australia. His mother subsequently married Captain James Anderson, a tea planter, but Redgrave greatly disliked his stepfather.

He studied at Clifton College and Magdalene College, Cambridge. Clifton College's theatre, The Redgrave Theatre, is named after him. He was a schoolmaster at Cranleigh School in Surrey before becoming an actor in 1934. There he directed the boys in Hamlet, King Lear and The Tempest, but managed to play all the leading roles himself. The "Redgrave Room" at the school was later named after him. In the new Guildford School of Acting building which opened in January 2010, there is the "Sir Michael Redgrave Studio".

Theatre career

Redgrave made his first professional appearance at the Playhouse in Liverpool on 30 August 1934 as Roy Darwin in Counsellor-at-Law (by Elmer Rice), then spent two years with its Liverpool Repertory Company where he met his future wife Rachel Kempson. They married on 18 July 1935.

1930s

Offered a job by Tyrone Guthrie, he made his first professional appearance in London at the Old Vic on 14 September 1936, playing Ferdinand in Love's Labours Lost. During 1936-37 he also played Mr Horner in The Country Wife, Orlando in As You Like It, Warbeck in The Witch of Edmonton and Laertes to Laurence Olivier's Hamlet. His hit of the season was Orlando. Edith Evans was his Rosalind and the two fell very much in love. As he later explained: "Edith always had a habit of falling in love with her leading men; with us it just went rather further." As You Like It transferred to the New Theatre in February 1937 when he again played Orlando.

At the Embassy Theatre in March 1937 he played Anderson in a mystery play, The Bat, before returning to the Old Vic in April, succeeding Marius Goring as Chorus in Henry V. Other roles that year included Christopher Drew in Daisy Fisher's comedy A Ship Comes Home at the St Martin's Theatre in May and Larry Starr in Philip Leaver's comedy Three Set Out at the Embassy in June, before joining John Gielgud's Company at the Queen's Theatre, September 1937 to April 1938, where he played Bolingbroke in Richard II, Charles Surface in The School for Scandal and Baron Tusenbach in Three Sisters.

Other roles included:

• Alexei Turbin in The White Guard (The Days of the Turbins by Mikhail Bulgakov), Phoenix Theatre October 1938
• Sir Andrew Aguecheek in Twelfth Night, Phoenix December 1938
• Harry, Lord Monchesney in The Family Reunion (T.S. Eliot), Westminster Theatre March 1939
• Henry in Springtime for Henry, touring 1939

Second World War

Once the London theatres were re-opened, after the outbreak of war, he played:

• Captain Macheath in The Beggar's Opera, Theatre Royal, Haymarket, March 1940
• Charleston in Thunder Rock, by Robert Ardrey, Neighbourhood Theatre June 1940; Globe Theatre July 1940. (He would reprise this role in the 1942 Boulting Brothers film version.)

Redgrave joined the Royal Navy as an ordinary seaman in July 1941, (HMS Illustrious (87) (HMS Illustrious)) but was discharged on medical grounds in November 1942. Having spent most of 1942 in the Reserve he managed to direct Lifeline (Norman Armstrong) starring Frank Pettingell at the Duchess Theatre in July; and The Duke in Darkness (Patrick Hamilton) starring Leslie Banks at the St James's Theatre in October, also taking the role of Gribaud.

Resuming his stage career he played/directed:

• Rakitin in A Month in the Country (Turgenev), St James's Theatre March 1943
• Lafont in six matinees of Parisienne, a comedy by Henry Becque, translated by Ashley Dukes, (Redgrave also directed and managed) co-starring Sonia Dresdel, St James's Theatre June 1943
• Blow Your Own Trumpet, a comedy by Peter Ustinov, (directed), Playhouse Theatre August 1943
• The Wingless Victory, a period romance by Maxwell Anderson, (directed) starring Rachel Kempson as Faith Ingalls, Phoenix Theatre September 1943
• Harry Quincey in Uncle Harry, a thriller by Thomas Job, (also co-directed with William Armstrong) with Beatrix Lehmann as Leslie Quincey and Rachel Kempson as Lucy Forrest, Garrick Theatre March 1944
• Colonel Stjerbinsky in Jacobowsky and the Colonel, a comedy by Franz Werfel, adapted by S.N. Behrman, (Redgrave also directed) with Rachel Kempson as Marianne, Piccadilly Theatre, June 1945

Post-war years

• Title role in Macbeth, Aldwych Theatre December 1947; National Theatre, New York City (NYC debut, with Flora Robson as Lady Macbeth) 31 March 1948
• Captain in The Father (August Strindberg) directed by Dennis Arundell with Freda Jackson as Laura, Embassy Theatre November 1948; and Duchess Theatre January 1949
• Etienne in A Woman in Love (also co-adapted with Diana Gould and directed) with Margaret Rawlings as Germaine, Embassy April 1949

Joining the Old Vic Company at the New Theatre for its 1949-50 season, he played:

• Berowne in Love's Labours Lost
• Marlow in She Stoops to Conquer
• Rakitin in A Month in the Country
• His first Hamlet, which he also played at the Zürich Festival, the Holland Festival and at Kronborg Castle in Elsinore, June 1950

1950s

Redgrave joined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre company at Stratford-upon-Avon and for the 1951 season appeared as Prospero in The Tempest as well as playing Richard II, Hotspur and Chorus in the Cycle of Histories, for which he also directed Henry IV Part Two. After appearing as Frank Elgin in Winter Journey at the St James's April 1952, he rejoined the Stratford company in 1953 (together with his actress wife Rachel Kempson) appearing as Shylock, King Lear and Antony in Antony and Cleopatra, also playing Antony when the company transferred to the Prince's Theatre in November 1953 before touring in the Netherlands, Belgium and Paris.

At the Apollo in June 1955 he played Hector in Tiger at the Gates, appearing in the same role at the Plymouth Theatre, New York City in October 1955 for which he received the New York Critics' Award. While in New York he directed A Month in the Country at the Phoenix Theatre in April 1956, and directed and played the Prince Regent in The Sleeping Prince at the Coronet Theatre in November 1956.

Returning to London in January 1958 he appeared as Philip Lester in A Touch of the Sun (N. C. Hunter) at the Saville Theatre — Best Actor in the Evening Standard Awards 1958 - before rejoining the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre Company in June 1958, to play Hamlet and Benedick, also playing Hamlet with the company in Leningrad and Moscow in December 1958 (while his wife Rachel Kempson played Ursula in Much Ado About Nothing and Lady Capulet in Romeo and Juliet).

At the Queen's Theatre in London in August 1959 he played H.J. in his own adaptation of the Henry James novella The Aspern Papers. His play was later to be successfully revived on Broadway in 1962, with Dame Wendy Hiller and Maurice Evans, while the 1984 London revival featured his daughter, Vanessa Redgrave, along with Christopher Reeve and Hiller, this time in the role of Miss Bordereau.

1960s

Roles included:

• Jack Dean in The Tiger and the Horse by Robert Bolt (which Redgrave also co-presented, directed by Frith Banbury), Queen's Theatre August 1960
• Victor Rhodes in The Complaisant Lover by Graham Greene, Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York, November 1961 - 101 performances

Returning to Britain, in July 1962 he took part in the Chichester Festival Theatre's opening season, playing the title role in Chekhov's Uncle Vanya to the Astrov of Laurence Olivier who also directed.

Alongside John Dexter's Chichester staging of Saint Joan, Olivier's Uncle Vanya was first revived in Chichester in 1963 before transferring to the Old Vic as part of the nascent Royal National Theatre's inaugural season, winning rave reviews and Redgrave's second win as Best Actor in the 1963 Evening Standard Awards. Critic Michael Billington recalled: "In Redgrave's Vanya you saw both a tremulous victim of a lifetime's emotional repression and the wasted potential of a Chekhovian might-have-been: as Redgrave and Olivier took their joint curtain call, linked hands held triumphantly aloft, we were not to know that this was to symbolise the end of their artistic amity."

Redgrave played (and co-presented) Lancelot Dodd MA in Arthur Watkyn's Out of Bounds at Wyndham's Theatre in November 1962, following it at the Old Vic with his portrayal of Claudius opposite the Hamlet of Peter O'Toole on 22 October 1963. This Hamlet was in fact the National Theatre's official opening production, directed by Olivier, but Simon Callow has dubbed it "slow, solemn, long", while Ken Campbell vividly described it as "brochure theatre."

In January 1964 at the National he played the title role in Hobson's Choice, which he admitted was well outside his range: "I couldn't do the Lancashire accent and that shook my nerve terribly - all the other performances suffered." While still at the National in June 1964 he also played Halvard Solness in The Master Builder, which he said 'went wrong'. At this time he had incipient Parkinson's disease, although he did not know it.

In May and June 1965 Redgrave directed the opening festival of the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre in Guildford, including directing and playing Rakitin in A Month in the Country (co-starring with Ingrid Bergman as Natalya Petrovna), and Samson in Samson Agonistes (co-starring with Rachel Kempson as Chorus). He again played Rakitin in September 1965, when his production transferred to the Cambridge Theatre in London. For the Glyndebourne Festival Opera he directed Werther in 1966 and La bohème in 1967.

1970s

At the Mermaid Theatre in July 1971 he played Mr Jaraby in The Old Boys (William Trevor) and had an unfortunate experience: "My memory went, and on the first night they made me wear a deaf aid to hear some lines from the prompter and it literally fell to pieces - there were little bits of machinery all over the floor, so I then knew I really couldn't go on, at least not learning new plays."

Nevertheless, he successfully took over the part of Father in John Mortimer's A Voyage Round My Father at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, also touring Canada and Australia in the role in 1972-73. International touring continued in 1974-75 with a Royal Shakespeare Company production of The Hollow Crown, visiting major venues in the USA, New Zealand and Australia, while in 1976-77 he toured South America, Canada and the UK in the anthology, Shakespeare's People.

Redgrave's final theatre appearance came in May 1979 when he portrayed Jasper in Simon Gray's Close of Play, directed on the Lyttelton stage at the National Theatre by Harold Pinter. It was a silent, seated role, based on Gray's own father, who had died a year before he wrote the play. As Gray has said: "Jasper is in fact dead but is forced to endure, as if alive, a traditional English Sunday, helpless in his favourite armchair as his three sons and their wives fall to pieces in the usual English middle class style, sometimes blaming him, sometimes appealing to him for help and sobbing at his feet for forgiveness, but basically ignoring him. In other words I had stuck him in Hell, which turns out to be 'life, old life itself'."

His final work, in 1975, a narrative of the epic poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a poem that Redgrave taught as a young schoolmaster and visualised by producer-director Raul da Silva, received six international film festival prizes of which five were first place in category. This work was to be his last before the onslaught of Parkinson's disease.

Film and television work

Redgrave first appeared on BBC television at the Alexandra Palace in 1937, in scenes from Romeo and Juliet. His first major film role was in Alfred Hitchcock's The Lady Vanishes (1938). Redgrave also starred in The Stars Look Down (1940), with James Mason in the film of Robert Ardrey's play Thunder Rock (1942), and in the ventriloquist's dummy episode of the Ealing compendium film Dead of Night (1945).

His first American film role was opposite Rosalind Russell in Mourning Becomes Electra (1947), for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. In 1951 he starred in The Browning Version, from Sir Terrence Rattigan's play of the same name. The Daily Mirror described Redgrave's performance as Crocker-Harris as "one of the greatest performances ever seen in films". The 1950s also saw Redgrave in The Importance of Being Earnest (1952), The Dambusters (1954), 1984 (1956), Time Without Pity (1957), for which he was nominated for a BAFTA Award, and The Quiet American (1958).

Notable television performances include narration for The Great War (1964), a history of the First World War using stills and 'stretched' archive film, and the less successful Lost Peace series (BBC Television, 1964 and 1966). Of the latter, Philip Purser wrote: "The commentary, spoken by Sir Michael Redgrave, took on an unremittingly pessimistic tone from the outset."

Personal life

Family

Main article: Redgrave family

Redgrave was married to the actress Rachel Kempson for 50 years from 1935 until his death. Their children Vanessa (b. 1937), Corin (1939-2010) and Lynn Redgrave (1943-2010) and their grandchildren - Natasha (1963-2009), Joely Richardson (b. 1965) and Jemma (b. 1965) are also involved in theatre or film as actors. His grandson Carlo Gabriel Nero is a screenwriter and film director whilst Luke Redgrave is not connected to acting.

His daughter Lynn created a one-woman play for herself called Shakespeare for My Father, in which she was nominated for Broadway's Tony Award, in which she traced her love for Shakespeare as a way of following and finding her often absent father.

Redgrave owned White Roding Windmill from 1937 to 1946. He and his family lived in "Bedford House" on Chiswick Mall from 1945 to 1954. His entry for Who's Who in the Theatre (1981) gives his address as Wilks Water, Odiham, Hampshire.

Bisexuality

Corin helped his father in the writing of his last autobiography. During one of Corin's visits to his father, the latter said, "There is something I ought to tell you". Then, after a very long pause, "I am, to say the least of it, bisexual". Corin encouraged him to acknowledge his bisexuality in the book. Michael agreed to do so, but in the end he chose to remain silent about it. Alan Strachan's 2004 biography of Redgrave discusses his affairs with both men and women. Although Redgrave had some long-term relationships with men, he also was prone to cruising Victoria or Knightsbridge for what he called "a necessary degradation", a habit that gave him a lasting sense of self-disgust.

The 1996 BBC documentary film Michael Redgrave: My Father, narrated by Corin Redgrave, and based on his book of the same name, discusses Michael's bisexuality in some depth. Rachel Kempson recounted that, when she proposed to him, Redgrave said that there were "difficulties to do with his nature, and that he felt he ought not to marry". She said that she understood, it didn't matter and that she loved him. To this, Redgrave replied, "Very well. If you're sure, we will".

During the filming of Fritz Lang's Secret Beyond the Door (1948), Redgrave met Bob Michell. They became lovers, Michell set up house close to the Redgraves, and he became a surrogate "uncle" to Redgrave's children (then aged 11, 9 and 5), who adored him. Michell later had children of his own, including a son he named Michael. Michell was followed by Fred Sadoff, an actor/director who became Redgrave's assistant and shared his lodgings in New York and London.

A card was found among Redgrave's effects after his death. The card was signed "Tommy, Liverpool, January 1940", and on it were the words (quoted from W.H. Auden): "The word is love. Surely one fearless kiss would cure the million fevers".

Illness and death

In 1976, after suffering symptoms for many years, Redgrave was diagnosed with rapidly advancing Parkinson's disease; and he began a regimen of therapies and medications that caused disorientation and other side effects. Costs for his healthcare expenses and his diminished earning power caused the family to apply for public assistance from the King George's Pension Fund. In an interview on his seventieth birthday, he said: "For a long time, nobody understood the Parkinson's condition, and directors thought I was just forgetful or drunk--and even now the work isn't easy. The difficulty is not just remembering lines but getting from place to place."

Redgrave died in a nursing home in Denham, Buckinghamshire, in 1985, from Parkinson's disease, one day after his 77th birthday.

Honours, awards and appointments

In 1951 Redgrave received the Best Actor Award (Cannes Film Festival) for The Browning Version. Redgrave twice (1958 and 1963) won Best Actor trophies in the Evening Standard Awards and twice received the Variety Club of Great Britain 'Actor of the Year' award (in the same years).

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1952 and was knighted in 1959. He was also appointed Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog, Denmark in 1955.

Redgrave became the First President of the English Speaking Board in 1953, and President of the Questors Theatre, Ealing in 1958.

In 1966, he received an honorary DLitt degree from the University of Bristol.

In 1986, he was inducted posthumously into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

The Redgrave Theatre in Farnham, Surrey, 1974-1998, was named in his honour.

Box office ranking

For a number of years, British film exhibitors voted him among the top ten British stars at the box office via an annual poll in the Motion Picture Herald.

• 1946: 4th
• 1951: 9th

Filmography

Film

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1938	The Lady Vanishes	Gilbert	First major role
	Climbing High	Nicky Brooke
1939	Stolen Life	Alan MacKenzie
	The Stars Look Down	Davey Fenwick
1940	A Window in London	Peter	Released as Lady in Distress in USA
1941	Atlantic Ferry	Charles MacIver
	Kipps	Kipps	Released as The Remarkable Mr. Kipps in USA
	Jeannie	Stanley Smith
1942	The Big Blockade	Russian
	Thunder Rock	David Charleston
1945	The Way to the Stars	David Archdale	Released as Johnny in the Clouds in USA
	Dead of Night	Maxwell Frere
1946	The Captive Heart	Captain Karel Hasek
	The Years Between	Michael Wentworth
1947	The Man Within	Richard Carlyon	Released as The Smugglers in the USA
	Fame Is the Spur	Hamer Radshaw
	Mourning Becomes Electra	Orin Mannon
1948	Secret Beyond the Door...	Mark Lamphere
1951	The Browning Version	Andrew Crocker-Harris
	The Magic Box	Mr Lege
1952	The Importance of Being Earnest	Ernst Worthing
1954	The Green Scarf	Maitre Deliot
	The Sea Shall Not Have Them	Air Commodore Waltby
1955	The Night My Number Came Up	Air Marshal Hardie
	Mr. Arkadin	Burgomil Trebitsch
	The Dam Busters	Doctor B. N. Wallis
	Oh... Rosalinda!!	Colonel Eisenstein
1956	1984	O'Connor
1957	Time Without Pity	David Graham
	The Happy Road	General Medworth
1958	Behind the Mask	Sir Arthur Benson Gray
	The Quiet American	Thomas Fowler
	Law and Disorder	Percy Brand
1959	Shake Hands with the Devil	The General
	The Wreck of the Mary Deare	Mr Nyland
1961	The Innocents	The Uncle
	No My Darling Daughter	Sir Matthew Carr
1962	The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner	Ruxton Towers Reformatory Governor
1963	Uncle Vanya	Uncle Vanya
1965	The Hill	The Medical Officer	(credited as Sir Michael Redgrave)
	The Heroes of Telemark	Uncle
	Young Cassidy	W.B. Yeats
1966	Alice in Wonderland	Caterpillar	(credited as Sir Michael Redgrave)
1967	The 25th Hour	Defense lawyer
1968	Heidi	Grandfather	TV Movie
	Assignment K	Harris
1969	Oh! What a Lovely War	General Sir Henry Wilson
	Battle of Britain	Air Vice Marshal Evill
	Goodbye, Mr. Chips	The Headmaster
	David Copperfield	Dan Peggotty	TV Movie
1970	Goodbye Gemini	James Harrington-Smith
	Connecting Rooms	James Wallraven
1971	The Go-Between	Leo Colston
	A Christmas Carol (1971), narration	Narrator	Voice
	Nicholas and Alexandra	Sazonov
1972	The Last Target	Erik Fritsch
1975	Rime of the Ancient Mariner	The Ancient Mariner	narration

Radio appearances

Year	Program	Episode/source
1952	Theatre Guild on the Air	The Unguarded Hour
1953	Theatre Guild on the Air	Jane

Theatre

Year	Title	Role	Director	Playwright(s)	Theatre
1936	Love's Labours Lost	Ferdinand		William Shakespeare	Old Vic Theatre, London
1936-37	The Witch of Edmonton	Warbeck	Saint Denis	Thomas Dekker	Old Vic Theatre, London
1936-37	As You Like It	Orlando	Ejme Church	William Shakespeare	Old Vic Theatre, London
1936-37	The Country Wife	Mr Horner	Tyrone Gathrie	William Wycherley	Old Vic Theatre, London
1937	The Bat	Anderson		Mary Roberts Rinehart and Avery Hopwood	Embassy Theatre
	A Ship Comes Home	Christopher Drew		Daisy Fisher	St Martins Theatre
1938	The White Guard	Alexi Turbin		Mikhail Bulgakov	Phoenix Theatre
	Twelfth Night	Sir Andrew Agnechek		William Shakespeare	Phoenix Theatre
1939	The Family Reunion	Harry, Lord Monchesney		T. S. Eliot	Westminster Theatre
1940	The Beggar's Opera	Captain Macheath		John Gay	Theatre Royal, Haymarket
1943	A Month in the Country	Rakitin		Ivan Turgenev	St James' Theatre
1947	Macbeth	Macbeth		William Shakespeare	Aldwych Theatre
1958	A Touch of the Sun	Philip Lester		N. C. Hunter	Saville Theatre
1959	The Aspern Papers	H.J		Henry James	Queen's Theatre, London
1960	The Tiger and the Horse	Jack Dean	Frith Banbury	Robert Bolt	Queen's Theatre, London
1961	The Complaisant Lover	Victor Rhodes		Graham Greene	Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York
1962	Out of Bounds	Launcelot Dodd MA		Arthur Watkyn	Wyndham's Theatre
1962-63	Uncle Vanya	Uncle Vanya	Laurence Olivier	Anton Chekhov	Chichester Festival Theatre
1963	Hamlet	King Claudius	Laurence Olivier	William Shakespeare	National Theatre
1964	Hobson's Choice	Henry Horatio Hobson		Harold Brighouse	National Theatre
1971	The Old Boys	Mr Jaraby		William Trevor	Mermaid Theatre
	A Voyage Round My Father	Father		John Mortimer	Theatre Royal, Haymarket
1979	Close of Play	Jasper		Simon Gray	National Theatre

Writings

Redgrave wrote five books:

• Water Music for a Botanist W. Heffer, Cambridge (1929) Poem
• The Actor's Ways and Means Heinemann (1953)
• Mask or Face: Reflections in an Actor's Mirror Heinemann (1958)
• The Mountebank's Tale Heinemann (1959)
• In My Mind's I: An Actor's Autobiography Viking (1983) ISBN 0-670-14233-6

His plays include The Seventh Man and Circus Boy, both performed at the Liverpool Playhouse in 1935, and his adaptations of A Woman in Love (Amourese) at the Embassy Theatre in 1949 and the Henry James novella The Aspern Papers at the Queen's Theatre in 1959.

[ Source: Wikipedia ]