Early life and career in accountancy

Harper was born in Swindon, Wiltshire, and educated at the Headlands Comprehensive School and Swindon College. He read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Brasenose College, Oxford where - like David Cameron before him - he studied under Professor Vernon Bogdanor.

On graduation in 1991 he joined KPMG as an auditor. After qualifying as a chartered accountant, he joined Intel Corporation in 1995 as a senior financial analyst, becoming a finance manager in 1997 and an operations manager from 2000. In 2002 he left Intel to set up his own accountancy practice.

Harper married his wife, Margaret, in 1999. In the 2005 general election, Margaret Harper stood for parliament as the Conservative candidate in Worcester, coming a close second to the Labour candidate and anti-hunting campaigner, Michael Foster.

Election to Westminster

Before becoming an MP, Harper was the treasurer of the Swindon Conservative Association and was its vice-chairman for a year in 1998.

He contested the Gloucestershire seat of Forest of Dean at the 2001 General Election but was defeated by the sitting Labour MP Diana Organ by 2,049 votes. Organ retired at the 2005 general election and Harper gained the seat for the Conservatives with a majority of 2,049 - the same number of votes by which he was defeated at the previous election.

At the 2010 general election, Harper was re-elected with 46.8% of the vote, thereby increasing his majority to more than 11,000. In the May 2015 general election, his majority fell by 77 votes.

Parliamentary career

On 24 May 2005 Harper made his maiden speech, in which he advocated giving the parents of children with special educational needs the option of sending their children to a non-mainstream school - an issue of local interest in Harper's Gloucestershire seat and one close to the heart of the then Shadow Education Secretary, David Cameron, whose son Ivan was born with severe learning difficulties. When Cameron was elected leader of the party in December 2005, he made Harper a spokesman on armed forces welfare issues and veterans.

Harper has sat on the Commons Administration Committee and briefly on the Work and Pensions Committee. On matters of foreign policy, he has consistently voted in support of British military intervention overseas. On the issue of Britain's membership of the European Union, Harper is said to be sceptical about the benefits for Britain of remaining in the EU.

The scandal over MPs' expenses showed Harper to be a parsimonious parliamentarian: his only significant expenses claim was for a brief period of temporary accommodation occupied on a short-term basis soon after being elected in 2005.

In the reshuffle of July 2007, Harper was made Shadow Minister for Disabled People - a position he held until the general election in 2010.

Junior Minister at the Cabinet Office

Soon after the general election in 2010, Harper took up the role of Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Political and Constitutional Reform in the Cabinet Office. There he worked with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg on the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 that legislated for the Alternative Referendum in 2011 which proposed a switch from 'first-past-the-post' to the Alternative Vote system for electing MPs (Harper was not in favour of this plan, which was a key bargaining chip of the Coalition negotiations that took place in May 2010). The Act also aimed to change the shapes of parliamentary constituencies and introduce fixed-term parliaments. On 5 May 2011, the referendum was held and voters rejected the proposed switch to the Alternative Vote system. Fixed-term parliaments became law later that year in a separate Act but the changes to constituency boundaries, which would have been advantageous to the Tories, never materialised.

In October 2010, the Government introduced the Public Bodies Bill to the House of Lords, which would allow it to sell or lease public forests in England. Harper defended the proposals, describing them as an "exciting opportunity for community ownership." However, they were widely criticised by many residents within his Forest of Dean constituency and by politicians with connections to the large oak forest after which Harper's parliamentary seat is named - most notably Baroness Jan Royall, Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords. Following a public meeting - after which Harper had to be rescued by the police from what he described as "a baying mob" - and a sustained national campaign which included the newly formed local Forest of Dean pressure group Hands off our Forest, the government announced it had abandoned its plans and would remove the forestry clauses from the Public Bodies Bill.

Harper worked on the House of Lords Reform Bill, which set out to introduce a smaller second chamber consisting mostly of elected peers. This was a Liberal Democrat policy that had also been mentioned as an aspiration in the Conservative Party's manifesto of 2010. However, in July 2012, 91 Conservative MPs defied the whips and voted with Labour against the proposals, something which led the coalition government to abandon the planned reform soon afterwards.

Immigration Minister

In the reshuffle of September 2012, Harper was promoted to Minister of State for Immigration at a time when levels of inward migration were falling but emigration rates were falling faster still, leading to a rise in net migration into the UK.

In June 2013, Harper fractured the fifth metatarsal bone in his left foot. When he was seen hobbling about the House of Commons with his foot in a cast and using crutches, he explained that the injury had occurred after he had fallen off a table in a Soho nightclub while celebrating his wife's new job.

Over the summer of 2013, Harper trialled a campaign aimed at illegal immigrants that consisted, in part, of lorries with hoardings attached to their load areas driving around London displaying the sign "Here Illegally? Go Home or Risk Arrest" with more information in smaller print on how to contact the Home Office for how to follow the advice. The scheme was seen as offensive by some and it divided opinion within the Coalition's ministerial team. In the autumn, Harper told MPs: "The advertising vans in particular were too much of a blunt instrument and will not be used again".

Harper resigned as immigration minister on 8 February 2014, after he discovered that his self-employed cleaner did not have permission to work in the UK. In his resignation letter, Harper stated that he first made checks on his cleaner in 2007 and "considered the issue again" when appointed a minister in the Cabinet Office in 2010 and immigration minister in September 2012 but had concluded that "no further check was necessary". After launching a campaign to get employers and landlords to carry out "reasonable checks" on workers, Harper claims that he thought it prudent to check the documents again, but could not locate them, and asked his cleaner for new copies. When his private office checked the details with immigration officials, it was found she did not have indefinite leave to stay in the UK. He immediately told Home Secretary Theresa May, and then after notifying Prime Minister David Cameron, he resigned. He was replaced by James Brokenshire.

Minister for Disabled People

The ministerial reshuffle in July 2014 saw Harper restored to office in the role of Minister for Disabled People at the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). He took over responsibility for the relatively new Personal Independence Payment (PIP) and for the dysfunctional testing process used to assess entitlement to Employment and Support Allowance (ESA); both operations were plagued by large backlogs of unassessed claims. Harper also became the minister charged with overseeing the early exit of Atos from the Work Capability Assessment (WCA) contract and the appointment of a new outsourcing partner.

In October of that year, the Office for Budget Responsibility disclosed that Harper's department had failed to make the anticipated £3 billion annual saving in incapacity benefits spending expected by 2014 (the DWP achieved no saving at all from this budget over the whole of the 2010-15 parliamentary term).

By early November, the WCA waiting list had risen to well above 600,000, at which point Harper announced that a new outsourcing firm - Maximus - had been chosen to take over the WCA contract from Atos in March 2015. However, the president of Maximus warned that the backlog of new claims would take at least a year to clear - and only if hundreds more disability assessors could be recruited.

In January 2015 Harper appeared before the Work and Pensions Select Committee to explain the problems with PIP. A former senior civil servant appointed by the DWP to review PIP had found the scheme beset by “delays and backlogs" and had described the process, which was introduced by another minister in April 2013, as still representing “a major delivery challenge.” Macmillan benefits advisers had told the reviewer that people had died while waiting for their PIP claim to be processed. The MS Society described these delays as unacceptable and some charities called for the PIP scheme to be halted.

In February, Harper appeared on television to explain David Cameron's request to Professor Dame Carol Black that she advise him on whether withholding ESA claimants' benefits if they were obese or addicted to alcohol or drugs would encourage them to undergo further treatment. Harper described this stance as "a very sensible move on the part of the Prime Minister".

In March 2015, Maximus began carrying out WCAs in place of Atos under a completely new contract that would cost almost £600 million and run until late 2018. There was initial optimism within Whitehall that a new contract and a new provider would mean the start of a new chapter in fit-for-work assessment, although two House of Commons select committees - the Work and Pensions Committee and the Public Accounts Committee - had between them concluded that the DWP's policies, its operational decisions and its failure to monitor Atos adequately were to blame for many of the assessment's earlier failings. For their part, Atos senior executives had previously complained to the Work and Pensions Committee that their assessors were being criticised simply for "applying the legislation the government had laid out" and claimed the company had become a "lightening rod" for public anger over welfare reform, suggesting that it was "massively over-simplistic" to think that picking a different outsourcing firm would fundamentally alter the situation. A review in January 2016 by the National Audit Office of the performance of the new contract in its first year was sceptical about its value for money.

By late spring, Harper had brought about a substantial reduction in the size of the backlog of PIP claims. This was achieved by: drafting in hundreds more DWP decision-makers; assessing more claims on the basis of the documents supplied by claimants, rather than through more time-consuming face-to-face assessments; changing the way that waiting times were measured; and streamlining the whole end-to-end process.

Government Chief Whip

Harper was promoted to Chief Whip after the Conservative general election victory in May 2015.

In October, the influential right-of-centre political website ConservativeHome tipped Harper to replace Iain Duncan Smith at the Department for Work and Pensions or become Energy and Climate Change Secretary over the medium term.

In December, after a vote in favour of using Britain's military capabilities against the self-styled Islamic State in Syria, the London Evening Standard reported that: "David Cameron dashed to the Government whips' office to congratulate Chief Whip Mark Harper following the Commons vote on the war, which saw MPs back action after a 10-hour debate".

[ Source: Wikipedia ]