George Duke (January 12, 1946 - August 5, 2013) was an American musician, known as a keyboard pioneer, composer, singer and producer in both jazz and popular mainstream musical genres. He worked with numerous artists as arranger, music director, writer and co-writer, record producer and as a professor of music. He first made a name for himself with the album The Jean-Luc Ponty Experience with the George Duke Trio. He was known primarily for thirty-odd solo albums, of which 'A Brazilian Love Affair' from 1980 was his most popular, as well as for his collaborations with other musicians, particularly Frank Zappa.

Biography

Early life

George Duke was born in San Rafael, California. He was raised in Marin City. It was at the young age of 4 that Duke first became interested in the piano. His mother took him to see Duke Ellington in concert and subsequently told him about this experience. "I don't remember it too well," says George, "but my mother told me I went crazy. I ran around saying 'Get me a piano, get me a piano!'" He began his formal piano studies at the age of 7, at his local Baptist church. It was those early years that influenced his musical approach and feel, as well as his understanding of how music elicits emotion.

Duke attended Tamalpais High School in Mill Valley before earning a bachelor's degree in trombone and composition with a minor in contrabass, from the San Francisco Conservatory in 1967. Playing initially with friends from garages to local clubs, Duke quickly eased his way into session work, which refined his abilities and expanded his approach to music. He later earned his master's degree in composition from San Francisco State University. He also taught a course on Jazz And American Culture at Merritt College in Oakland.

Career

Beginning in 1967 Duke experimented further with jazz fusion, playing and recording with violinist Jean-Luc Ponty, as well as performing with the Don Ellis Orchestra, and Cannonball Adderley's band, while he acquainted himself with Frank Zappa. Duke appeared on a number of Frank Zappa's albums through the 1970s.

Frank Zappa played guitar solos on Duke's 1974 album, Feel - the instrumental "Old Slippers", and "Love" - credited as Obdewl'l X, possibly due to contractual reasons.

Duke covered two Zappa-composed songs on his 1975 album, The Aura Will Prevail, - "Uncle Remus" (co-written with Duke) and "Echidna's Arf" - that he had played on while a member of The Mothers on Zappa's albums.

A further Zappa connection occurred on Duke's other album from 1975, I Love the Blues She Heard Me Cry - which utilized Ruth Underwood, Tom Fowler, and Bruce Fowler from Zappa's Overnite Sensation band that Duke was a part of, along with Zappa-associate Johnny "Guitar" Watson and jazz guitarist Lee Ritenour.

Duke served as a record producer and composer on two instrumental tracks on Miles Davis albums: "Backyard Ritual" (from Tutu, 1986) and "Cobra" (from Amandla, 1989). He has also worked with a number of Brazilian musicians, including singer Milton Nascimento, percussionist Airto Moreira and singer Flora Purim. Lynn Davis and Sheila E appeared on Duke's late-1970s solo albums Don't Let Go and Master of the Game.

Duke was prominent in the R&B genre, releasing funk-based songs like "Reach for It" and "Dukey Stick". In 1979 he traveled to Rio de Janeiro, where he recorded the album A Brazilian Love Affair, on which he employed singers Flora Purim and Milton Nascimento and percussionist Airto Moreira. The album contained music in a wide assortment of genres, including some Latin jazz and jazz-influenced material. From a jazz standpoint, the album's most noteworthy songs include Nascimento's "Cravo e Canela", "Love Reborn", and "Up from the Sea It Arose and Ate Rio in One Swift Bite". The track "Brazilian Sugar" was featured on the 2006 video game Dead or Alive Xtreme 2. Meanwhile, Nascimento's vocal on the ballad "Ao Que Vai Nascer" is an example of Brazilian pop at its most sensuous. The 1992 film Leap of Faith featured gospel songs and choir produced by George Duke and choir master Edwin Hawkins.

Duke worked as musical director at numerous large-scale musical events, including the Nelson Mandela tribute concert at Wembley Stadium, London in 1988. In 1989, he temporarily replaced Marcus Miller as musical director of NBC's late-night music performance program Sunday Night during its first season. Duke was also a judge for the second annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.

Duke worked with Jill Scott on her third studio album, The Real Thing: Words and Sounds Vol. 3; guesting on the track, "Whenever You're Around". In the summer of 2011, he put together a trio with David Sanborn and Marcus Miller for a tour across the US of more than 20 sold out shows.

Legacy and influence

Duke died August 5, 2013 in Los Angeles from chronic lymphocytic leukemia. He was 67 and was survived by his sons, Rashid and John. He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)

Duke's songs have been used by a wide variety of contemporary musicians in a wide array of genres. These include: "I Love You More", sampled by house music-act Daft Punk for their hit "Digital Love"; "Guilty", sampled by electronica music artist Mylo in his song "Guilty of Love" on Destroy Rock & Roll. "For Love", sampled by underground hip hop artist MF Doom on his track "I Hear Voices"; "Someday", sampled by hip hop artist/producer Kanye West for Common in "Break My Heart" on his "Finding Forever" album; "You and Me", sampled and used by soul/rhythm and blues influenced hip hop-producer 9th Wonder on the track "Spirit Of '94" on the album Spirit Of '94: Version 9.0 which he made with Kaze; and "Reach for It", sampled by Ice Cube in "True to the Game" on his Death Certificate album and Spice 1 in "In My Neighborhood" on his self-titled debut album, and sampled by W.C. & The Maad Circle (featuring Mack 10 & Ice Cube) in "West Up" on their "Curb Servin'" album. Madlib utilized Duke's "My Soul" on the track "Mingus" from his "Madlib Medicine Show #8: Advanced Jazz" album.

Duke was nominated for a Grammy as Best Contemporary Jazz Performance for After Hours in 1999. By popular vote, Duke was inducted into The SoulMusic Hall Of Fame at SoulMusic.com in December 2012.

On August 5, 2014, exactly one year after Duke’s death, Al Jarreau, Duke’s long-time friend, released an album titled, “My Old Friend: Celebrating George Duke”, as a tribute to his music. The album featured 10 songs, all written by Duke. Jarreau enlisted Gerald Albright, Stanley Clarke, Dr. John, Lalah Hathaway, Boney James, Marcus Miller, Jeffrey Osborne, Kelly Price, Dianne Reeves, Patrice Rushen and many others to help create this tribute to Duke’s music. The album was released on Concord Records and it garnered the 2015 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Jazz Album.

Discography

As leader

Title	Year	Label
George Duke Quartet Presented by the Jazz Workshop 1	1966	MPS,SABA
The Jean-Luc Ponty Experience with the George Duke Trio	1969	Pacific Jazz
Save the Country 2	1970	Pickwick
Solus 3	1971	MPS,SABA
The Inner Source (2-LP)	1973	MPS/BASF
Faces in Reflection	1974	MPS/BASF
Feel	1974	MPS/BASF
The Aura Will Prevail	1974	MPS/BASF
I Love the Blues, She Heard My Cry	1975	MPS/BASF
Liberated Fantasies	1976	MPS/BASF
The Billy Cobham - George Duke Band 'Live' on Tour in Europe	1976	Atlantic
The Dream 4	1976	MPS/BASF
From Me to You	1977	Epic/CBS
Reach for It	1977	Epic/CBS
Don't Let Go	1978	Epic/CBS
Follow the Rainbow	1979	Epic/CBS
Master of the Game	1979	Epic/CBS
A Brazilian Love Affair	1980	Epic/CBS
Clarke/Duke Project	1981	Epic/CBS
Dream On	1982	Epic/CBS
Clarke/Duke Project 2	1983	Epic/CBS
Guardian of the Light	1983	Epic/CBS
Rendezvous	1984	Epic/CBS
Thief in the Night	1985	Elektra
George Duke	1986	Elektra
Night After Night	1989	Elektra
Clarke/Duke Project 3	1990	Epic/CBS
Snapshot	1992	Warner Bros.
Muir Woods Suite 5	1993	Warner Bros.
Illusions	1995	Warner Bros.
Is Love Enough	1997	Warner Bros.
After Hours	1998	Warner Bros.
Cool	2000	Warner Bros.
Face the Music	2002	Bizarre Planet
Duke	2005	Bizarre Planet
In a Mellow Tone	2006	Bizarre Planet
Dukey Treats	2008	Heads Up
Déjà Vu	2010	Telarc Jazz
Dreamweaver	2013	Heads Up

1 Rereleased as "The Primal" by MPS in 1978.
2 Rereleased as "Pacific Jazz" by United Artists in 1978 albeit with a different track listing.
3 Solus was recorded in April 1971 and intended to be released as a single album by SABA but when SABA folded and became MPS the powers that be decided to postpone its release. They finally put it out as a double album in 1976 together with George's MPS debut "The Inner Source". The latter was recorded in October 1971.
4 Recorded in 1976 and released in 1978 (Europe-only). Released in the USA (in a slightly different version) as "The 1976 Solo Keyboard Album" by Epic/CBS in 1982.
5 Recorded in 1993 at the Montreaux jazz festival but the release got postponed until 1996.

Compilations

Title	Year	Label	EAN
The Essential George Duke (2CD)	2004	Sony	4606817001313
My Soul - The Complete MPS Fusion Recordings (4CD)	2008	Universal	0602517515048

As sideman

With Al Jarreau

• Breakin' Away (Warner Bros. Records 1981)

With Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention

• Chunga's Revenge (Bizarre/Reprise, 1970)
• 200 Motels (United Artists, 1971)
• Waka/Jawaka (Bizarre/Reprise, 1972)
• The Grand Wazoo (Bizarre/Reprise, 1972)
• Over-Nite Sensation (DiscReet, 1973)
• Apostrophe (') (DiscReet, 1974)
• Roxy & Elsewhere (DiscReet, 1974)
• One Size Fits All (DiscReet, 1975)
• Bongo Fury (DiscReet, 1975)
• Studio Tan (DiscReet, 1978)
• Sleep Dirt (DiscReet, 1979)
• Them or Us (Barking Pumpkin, 1984)
• You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 2 (Rykodisc, 1988)
• Läther (Rykodisc, 1996)
• The Dub Room Special (Zappa, 2007)
• Road Tapes, Venue 2 (Zappa, 2013)
• A Token Of His Extreme (Zappa, 2013)
• Roxy by Proxy (Zappa, 2014)

With Third World

• Lagos Jump (CBS 1983)
• Try Jah Love (CBS 1982)

With The Keynotes

• Get On That Gospel Train (MPS, 1973)

With Gene Ammons

• Brasswind (Prestige, 1974)

With Billy Cobham

• Crosswinds (Atlantic, 1974)
• B.C. (Columbia, 1979)
• Picture This (GRP, 1987)

With Eddie Henderson

• Sunburst (Blue Note, 1975)

With Alphonse Mouzon

• The Man Incognito (Blue Note, 1975)

With Airto Moreira

• Virgin Land (Salvation, 1974)

With Flora Purim

• Stories To Tell (Milestone Records, 1974)
• Open Your Eyes, You Can Fly (Milestone Records, 1976)
• That's What She Said (Milestone Records, 1978)
• Carry On (Warner Bros, 1979)

With Michael Jackson

• Off the Wall (Epic, 1979)

With Jean-Luc Ponty

• King Kong: Jean-Luc Ponty Plays the Music of Frank Zappa (World Pacific/Liberty, 1970)
• Individual Choice (Atlantic, 1983)

With Deniece Williams

• Let's Hear It For the Boy (Columbia, 1984)
• Love, Niecy Style (Shanachie, 2007)

With Miles Davis

• Tutu (Warner Bros, 1986)
• Amandla (Warner Bros, 1989)

With Dianne Reeves

• Dianne Reeves (Blue Note, 1987)
• Never Too Far (EMI, 1989)
• Quiet After the Storm (Blue Note, 1995)
• Bridges (Blue Note, 1999)
• In the Moment - Live in Concert (Blue Note, 2000)
• Beautiful Life (Concord, 2014)

With John Scofield

• Loud Jazz (Gramophone, 1988)

With Chanté Moore

• Precious (Silas/MCA, 1992)
• A Love Supreme (Silas/MCA, 1994)
• Love the Woman (Peak, 2008)

With Joe Sample

• Sample This (Warner Bros, 1997)

With Phil Collins

• A Hot Night in Paris (Atlantic, 1999)

With Regina Belle

• Lazy Afternoon (2004)

With Teena Marie

• Congo Square (2009)

With Joe Williams

• Joe Williams Live (1973)

With Gerald Wilson

• Eternal Equinox (Pacific Jazz, 1969)

With Larisa Dolina

• Hollywood Mood (2008)
• Route 55 (2010)

[ Source: Wikipedia ]